Which of the following is recommended to avoid vapor drift during application?

The recommendation to use amine formulations instead of ester formulations is based on the chemical properties of these two types of pesticide formulations. Amine formulations tend to be less volatile than ester formulations, meaning that they do not evaporate as readily into the atmosphere. This reduced volatility minimizes the likelihood of vapor drift, which can occur when pesticides evaporate and are carried away from the target area by air movement.

By choosing amine formulations, applicators can better control the pesticide application, ensuring that it stays where it is intended to be, thereby reducing the risk of harm to non-target organisms and minimizing environmental contamination. This is particularly important in sensitive areas where drift can have significant ecological impacts, or near populated areas where unintended exposure can pose health risks.

The other options, while relevant in different contexts, do not directly address the issue of vapor drift in the same effective manner.