Which of the following is NOT a major type of control measure in IPM?

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) employs a variety of control measures to manage pest populations effectively while minimizing environmental impact. Each of the major types of control measures has a specific role.

Cultural control measures involve practices that disrupt the pest's life cycle or habitat. This can include crop rotation, changing planting times, or using resistant varieties to make the environment less favorable for pests.

Mechanical control measures focus on physical means to eliminate or exclude pests. This can involve tools such as traps, barriers, or manual removal, which directly target pests without using chemical pesticides.

Biological control measures utilize natural predators, parasites, or pathogens to manage pest populations. This approach harnesses the natural ecosystem to keep pests in check, promoting a balanced environment.

While psychological factors may influence behavior and decision-making in pest management, they do not constitute a recognized category of control measures within the framework of IPM. Psychological strategies may indirectly affect pest control practices but are not a direct method or measure like cultural, mechanical, or biological controls. Therefore, psychological approaches are not categorized as a major type of control measure in IPM.